{"id":12985,"date":"2025-07-13T20:12:41","date_gmt":"2025-07-13T17:12:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/?p=12985"},"modified":"2025-12-14T20:50:49","modified_gmt":"2025-12-14T17:50:49","slug":"istoriya-bumagi-ot-drevnosti-do-nashih-dnej","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/bg\/istoriya-bumagi-ot-drevnosti-do-nashih-dnej\/","title":{"rendered":"\ud83d\udcdc \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430: \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438 \u0434\u043d\u0438"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\">\u0425\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0435 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0439-\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0447\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e. \u041d\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0445\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438, \u0430 \u043f\u044a\u0442\u044f\u0442 \u045d \u043e\u0442 \u0433\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u044a\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u041d\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043c \u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e \u043f\u044a\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0431\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0447\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>\ud83c\udf3f \u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434: \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\">\u0414\u044a\u043b\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0435. \u0412 \u041c\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0430 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438, \u0430 \u0432 \u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043d \u0415\u0433\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0442 - \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0441, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u044a\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0412 \u0418\u043d\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u042e\u0433\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \ud83c\udf43, \u0430 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430 - \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0436\u0430.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\">\u041d\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044a\u0446\u0438: \u043f\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0441\u044a\u0442 \u0435 \u0431\u0438\u043b \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0445\u044a\u043a, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044a\u0442 - \u0441\u043a\u044a\u043f, \u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 - \u0442\u0435\u0436\u043a\u0438. \u0421\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044a\u0442 \u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0448\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_12986\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-12986\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1946_image.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"td-modal-image wp-image-12986 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1946_image.png\" alt=\"\u0415\u0433\u0438\u043f\u0442\u044f\u043d\u0438\u043d, \u043a\u043e\u0439\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435 \u0439\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0444\u0438 \u0432\u044a\u0440\u0445\u0443 \u043f\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0441, \u0433\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1946_image.png 1024w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1946_image-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1946_image-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1946_image-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1946_image-12x12.png 12w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1946_image-420x420.png 420w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1946_image-640x640.png 640w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1946_image-681x681.png 681w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-12986\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0415\u0433\u0438\u043f\u0442\u044f\u043d\u0438\u043d, \u043a\u043e\u0439\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435 \u0439\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0444\u0438 \u0432\u044a\u0440\u0445\u0443 \u043f\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0441, \u0433\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>\ud83c\udfee \u0420\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430: \u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\">\u041f\u044a\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u044f\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 105 \u0433. \u043e\u0442 \u043d.\u0435.\ud83c\udde8\ud83c\uddf3 \u0417\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u043d \u0441\u044a\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0430\u0439 \u041b\u0443\u043d, \u043a\u043e\u0439\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u043a\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0438\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u044a\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0435.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\">\u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0437\u044f\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u044a\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 500 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438! \ud83d\udddd\ufe0f \u0422\u044f \u0441\u0435 \u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0430, \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u0431\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438. \u0415\u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 VII \u0432. \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u044f \u0438 \u042f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u044a\u0434\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u044f\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f\u00a0<em>vassi<\/em>\u00a0- \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0440\u044a\u0436\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u044a\u0449\u043e: <a href=\"https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/bg\/istoriya-origami-put-bumazhnogo-lista-from-hramovyh-altarej-to-kosmicheskih-tehnologii\/\">\u041f\u044a\u0442\u044f\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u043b\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438<\/a><\/strong><\/h4>\n<figure id=\"attachment_12987\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-12987\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1950_image.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"td-modal-image wp-image-12987 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1950_image.png\" alt=\"\u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1950_image.png 1024w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1950_image-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1950_image-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1950_image-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1950_image-12x12.png 12w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1950_image-420x420.png 420w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1950_image-640x640.png 640w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1950_image-681x681.png 681w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-12987\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>\ud83c\udf0d \u041f\u044a\u0442\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\">\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437 VIII \u0432. \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430\u044f\u0442\u0447\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u044f \u0443\u0441\u044a\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0442. \u0422\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u043b\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u044a\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0411\u0430\u0433\u0434\u0430\u0434 \u0438 \u0414\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a \ud83d\udd4c.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\">\u0425\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u044f\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 12 \u0432\u0435\u043a \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043c\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0418\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u044a\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0425\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430 (\u0418\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f) \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 1150 \u0433.\ud83c\udfed \u0412\u044a\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044a\u0442 \u0434\u044a\u043b\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0442\u0435 - \u0446\u044a\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \"\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u043d\u0430\". \u0415\u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044f\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0413\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0433 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 XV \u0432. \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u044a\u0449\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.\ud83d\udcdc<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_12988\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-12988\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1953_image.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"td-modal-image wp-image-12988 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1953_image.png\" alt=\"\u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1953_image.png 1024w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1953_image-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1953_image-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1953_image-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1953_image-12x12.png 12w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1953_image-420x420.png 420w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1953_image-640x640.png 640w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1953_image-681x681.png 681w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-12988\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>\ud83d\udda8\ufe0f \u0418\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f: \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0438<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\">\u0414\u043e XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u044a\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0435 \u0441\u043a\u044a\u043f\u0430. \u0412\u0441\u0438\u0447\u043a\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u0441 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044f\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong>\u041c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f<\/strong>\u00a0(1799 \u0433.) - \u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u044a\u0441\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e<\/li>\n<li class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong>\u0414\u044a\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0430<\/strong>\u00a0(40-\u0442\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430 XIX \u0432.) - \u0435\u0432\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043b\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435.<\/li>\n<li class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong>\u0425\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u043b\u0430\u043a\u043d\u044f\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435<\/strong>\u00a0- \u0437\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0438\u043d \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u044a\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0430<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\">\u0411\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044a\u043f\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438, \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438, \u043e\u043f\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0438! \ud83d\udcb0<\/p>\n<h4><strong>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u044a\u0449\u043e: <a href=\"https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/bg\/%d0%b8%d0%bd%d1%82%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%b5%d1%81%d0%bd%d0%b8-%d1%84%d0%b0%d0%ba%d1%82%d0%b8-%d0%b7%d0%b0-%d0%be%d1%80%d0%b8%d0%b3%d0%b0%d0%bc%d0%b8\/\">\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/a><\/strong><\/h4>\n<figure id=\"attachment_12989\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-12989\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1956_image.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"td-modal-image wp-image-12989 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1956_image.png\" alt=\"\u0424\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1956_image.png 1024w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1956_image-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1956_image-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1956_image-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1956_image-12x12.png 12w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1956_image-420x420.png 420w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1956_image-640x640.png 640w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250707_1956_image-681x681.png 681w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-12989\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0424\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>\ud83d\udca1 \u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0435\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0430: \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\">\u0414\u043d\u0435\u0441 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0435. \u0421\u044a\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u044a\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong>\u0411\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438<\/strong>\u00a0\ud83d\udcb5<\/li>\n<li class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\">\u0421\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435<\/li>\n<li class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\">\u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435<\/li>\n<li class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong>\u0415\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f (e-ink) \u0437\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0446\u0438<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\">\u0412 \u0441\u044a\u0449\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430\u044f\u0442\u0447\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440. \u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u00a0<em>vassi<\/em>) \u0441\u0430 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0421\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044a\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0443\u043b\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u042e\u041d\u0415\u0421\u041a\u041e.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_12992\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-12992\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250713_1909_image.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"td-modal-image wp-image-12992 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250713_1909_image.png\" alt=\"\u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f: \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0441 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250713_1909_image.png 1024w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250713_1909_image-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250713_1909_image-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250713_1909_image-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250713_1909_image-12x12.png 12w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250713_1909_image-420x420.png 420w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250713_1909_image-640x640.png 640w, https:\/\/izbumagi.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/20250713_1909_image-681x681.png 681w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-12992\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f: \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0441 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>\ud83c\udf31 \u0411\u044a\u0434\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430: \u0435\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\">\u0414\u043d\u0435\u0441 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong>\u0420\u0435\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435<\/strong>\u00a0\u267b\ufe0f - \u0441\u044a\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u044a\u0449\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e 7 \u043f\u044a\u0442\u0438.<\/li>\n<li class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong>\u0415\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e<\/strong>\u00a0- \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u043e\u0442 \u0445\u043b\u043e\u0440, \u0438\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b<\/li>\n<li class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong>\u0423\u043c\u043d\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f<\/strong>\u00a0- \u0441\u044a\u0441 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 NFC \u0447\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\">\u0425\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u044a\u043b\u044a\u0433 \u043f\u044a\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u043b\u0443\u043a\u0441\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043d \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0434\u043e \u0435\u0436\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u044a\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430. \u041c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0431\u0438 \u0432 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0447\u0430\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u043e\u0449\u0435 \u043f\u043e-\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f!<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><strong>\u041a\u043e\u0439 \u0435\u0442\u0430\u043f \u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0438 \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0439-\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d?<\/strong>\u00a0\u0421\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435! \u270d\ufe0f<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0425\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0435 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0439-\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0447\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e. \u041d\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0445\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438, \u0430 \u043f\u044a\u0442\u044f\u0442 \u045d \u043e\u0442 \u0433\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u044a\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u041d\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043c \u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e \u043f\u044a\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0435\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0447\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430. \ud83c\udf3f \u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434: \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0414\u044a\u043b\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0435. \u0412 \u041c\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0430 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438 [.....]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12986,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[87],"tags":[160,158,171],"class_list":["post-12985","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-raznoe-pro-bumagu","tag-bumaga","tag-istoriya","tag-istoriya-bumagi"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast 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